Hinduism, a religion flourishing for millennia, boasts a treasure trove of ancient temples. These architectural wonders serve as testaments to the faith’s rich history, artistic heritage, and unwavering devotion. Today, we embark on a captivating journey to explore 20 of the oldest Hindu temples in the world:
1. Mundeshwari Temple, Bihar, India
The Mundeshwari Devi Temple, also spelled Mundesvari, is an ancient Hindu temple located on the Mundeshwari Hills in the Kaimur district of Bihar, India. It is considered to be one of the oldest functional Hindu temples in the world, with some estimates dating it back to 108 CE according to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
The temple is dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva and Shakti, and also houses idols of Ganesha, Surya and Vishnu. The temple is built in the Nagara style of architecture, and has a unique octagonal shape. The main shrine has a four-faced lingam representing Shiva as Viniteswara, while the goddess Mundeshwari or Durga is installed in a niche on one wall. The temple also has a circular yoni-pitha with eight petals.
The Mundeshwari Temple is a significant pilgrimage site for Hindus, and attracts devotees from all over India. The temple is especially crowded during the festivals of Ramnavami, Shivratri, and Navaratri.
Here are some additional facts about the Mundeshwari Temple:
- The temple is located on the summit of Piwara Hill, at a height of about 600 feet.
- The temple was originally built during the Gupta Empire (320-550 CE).
- The temple has undergone several renovations and additions over the centuries.
- The temple is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) since 1915.
2. Kailasa Temple, Ellora, India
The Kailasa Temple, nestled amidst the Ellora Caves in Maharashtra, India, is a crown jewel of ancient Indian architecture. Carved from a single massive rock face, it stands as a testament to the exceptional craftsmanship and unwavering devotion of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
Here’s a deeper dive into this awe-inspiring monument:
A Herculean Effort:
- Construction is estimated to have taken place in the 8th century CE, during the reign of King Krishna I.
- The sheer scale is mind-boggling. Imagine carving an entire temple complex – with a central shrine, halls, pillars, sculptures, and a towering gateway – out of solid rock! Experts believe it may have taken thousands of skilled artisans and laborers decades to complete.
Architectural Brilliance:
- The Kailasa temple complex is a remarkable example of Dravidian rock-cut architecture. The entire complex is designed to represent Mount Kailash, the celestial abode of Lord Shiva in Hindu mythology.
- The central shrine, dedicated to Shiva in his manifestation as Kailashnath, is a multi-storied structure adorned with intricate carvings depicting scenes from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
- The gateway is guarded by imposing stone elephants, while a detailed Nandi mandapam (pavilion dedicated to Nandi, the bull vehicle of Shiva) precedes the main entrance.
Symbolic Journey:
- Beyond its architectural splendor, the Kailasa temple holds deep symbolic meaning. The carving process, from top to bottom, is believed to represent a spiritual journey – from the earthly realm to the celestial abode of Shiva.
- The sculptures and reliefs adorning the temple walls offer a glimpse into the religious beliefs and practices of the era.
A World Heritage Treasure:
- The Ellora Caves, including the Kailasa temple, were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. They continue to attract visitors from around the world, marveling at the engineering marvel and artistic legacy of this ancient civilization.
The Kailasa temple is more than just a structure; it’s a portal to the past, a testament to human ingenuity, and a symbol of enduring faith.
3. Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, India
The Meenakshi Temple, also known as the Meenakshi Amman Temple or Minakshi Sundareswarar Temple, is a magnificent architectural marvel and a vibrant center of pilgrimage in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Dedicated to the divine union of Parvati (as Meenakshi) and Shiva (as Sundareswarar), the temple complex is a captivating blend of history, spirituality, and artistic brilliance.
A Walk Through Time:
- The temple’s origins can be traced back to at least the 6th century CE, with significant expansions occurring during the Nayaka dynasty (16th-17th centuries). The temple complex has grown organically over centuries, reflecting the artistic influences of various ruling dynasties.
A Feast for the Eyes:
- The most striking feature of the temple complex is its towering gopurams (gateway towers). These colorful, multi-tiered structures are adorned with intricate sculptures depicting deities, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu mythology. The tallest gopuram, the southern one, soars over 170 feet and is a landmark of Madurai.
- Stepping inside the temple complex is like entering a world of artistic splendor. Colonnaded hallways lead to various shrines, each with its unique architectural style and sculptures. The Hall of Thousand Pillars (Aayiram Kaal Mandapam) is a breathtaking sight, with 985 intricately carved pillars supporting the vast hall.
A Spiritual Center:
- The Meenakshi Temple is a vital center of pilgrimage for Hindus, especially those following Shaivism. Devotees flock to the temple throughout the year, with major festivals like Meenakshi Tirukalyanam (celestial wedding of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar) attracting massive crowds.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site:
- In recognition of its exceptional cultural and architectural significance, the Meenakshi Temple was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015. It continues to be a place of immense cultural and religious importance, attracting visitors and pilgrims from all corners of the globe.
4. Brihadisvara Temple (Thanjavur Temple), Thanjavur, India
The Brihadisvara Temple, also known as the Peruvudaiyar Kovil (Big Temple) and RajaRajeswara Temple, stands tall and proud in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. This magnificent structure, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a masterpiece of Dravidian architecture and a testament to the power and prosperity of the Chola dynasty.
A Legacy of the Cholas:
- Built by King Raja Raja Chola I in the 11th century CE (completed around 1010 CE), the Brihadisvara Temple represents the zenith of Chola architectural achievements. The sheer scale of the temple is awe-inspiring. The towering vimana (shrine) rises 216 feet (almost 66 meters) – a remarkable feat of engineering for its time.
Architectural Grandeur:
- The temple complex is built entirely of granite, a remarkable feat considering the massive scale. The vimana, adorned with intricate carvings and decorative stupas, dominates the skyline. The temple complex also features elaborate gateways (gopurams), a pillared mandapam (hall), and intricately carved sculptures depicting deities and mythological scenes.
A Celebration of Shiva:
- The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism. The inner sanctum houses a massive lingam (aniconic representation of Shiva). The temple walls are adorned with exquisite Chola bronze sculptures and frescoes depicting various aspects of Shiva’s life and stories from Hindu mythology.
A Symbol of Power and Devotion:
- The Brihadisvara Temple was not just a place of worship but also a symbol of Chola power and prosperity. The temple’s inscriptions detail the vast resources and meticulous planning that went into its construction. The temple also served as a center for religious learning and artistic expression.
A Living Legacy:
- Even today, the Brihadisvara Temple remains an active place of worship and a major tourist attraction. It is a testament to the enduring legacy of the Chola dynasty and the rich artistic heritage of Tamil Nadu.
5. Virupaksha Temple, Hampi, India
The Virupaksha Temple, nestled amidst the captivating ruins of Hampi in Karnataka, India, stands as a symbol of enduring faith and architectural brilliance. This magnificent temple complex, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a captivating reminder of the Vijayanagara empire’s glorious past.
A Legacy of the Vijayanagara Empire:
- While the origins of the Virupaksha temple site may predate the Vijayanagara empire, the temple complex as we see it today was primarily built and expanded between the 13th and 16th centuries. The temple’s growth mirrored the rise of the Vijayanagara empire, becoming a prominent center of pilgrimage and a testament to the empire’s architectural prowess.
A Towering Presence:
- The most striking feature of the temple complex is the towering eastern gopuram (gateway tower). This nine-tiered structure, reaching a height of over 50 meters, is adorned with intricate carvings depicting deities, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu mythology.
A Journey Through the Complex:
- Stepping through the gopuram, visitors enter a world of pillared halls, courtyards, and smaller shrines. The intricately carved pillars, some with unique designs like the “yali” (mythical lion-horse creature), are a hallmark of Vijayanagara architecture. The main sanctum houses a massive lingam, the revered representation of Lord Shiva.
A Place of Active Worship:
- Unlike many other structures in Hampi, the Virupaksha Temple remains an active place of worship. Daily rituals and ceremonies continue to be performed, attracting both pilgrims and tourists. Witnessing these rituals can offer a glimpse into the vibrant Hindu traditions that have been practiced here for centuries.
A Window to History:
- The Virupaksha Temple and its surrounding ruins offer a fascinating glimpse into the life and times of the Vijayanagara empire. The temple’s architecture, sculptures, and inscriptions provide valuable clues about the empire’s art, culture, and religious beliefs.
A Testimony to Resilience:
- Despite the decline of the Vijayanagara empire, the Virupaksha Temple has stood the test of time. Its enduring presence amidst the ruins serves as a testament to the power of faith and the lasting legacy of a once-powerful empire.
6. Prambanan Temple, Indonesia
Rising majestically amidst the plains of Central Java, Indonesia, Prambanan Temple complex is a captivating monument dedicated to the Hindu Trimurti – the trinity of Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer. This UNESCO World Heritage Site stands as a testament to the artistic brilliance and religious fervor of the ancient Mataram kingdom.
A Legacy Carved in Stone:
- Construction of the Prambanan temple complex is estimated to have begun in the 9th century CE, reaching its peak during the reign of King Rakai Pikatan of the Mataram kingdom. The scale of the complex is awe-inspiring, originally consisting of over 240 temples, showcasing a unique blend of Hindu and Buddhist influences.
A Realm of the Divine:
The heart of the complex lies in the three central temples – dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma. These towering structures, adorned with intricate sculptures depicting scenes from the Ramayana and other Hindu epics, represent the divine abodes of these deities.
The Shiva temple, the tallest at 47 meters, is the most prominent structure. Its towering spires, intricate reliefs, and captivating statues of deities and mythical creatures leave visitors awestruck.
The Vishnu and Brahma temples, while slightly smaller, showcase equally impressive architecture and sculptures.
Beyond the Central Trio:
- The central temples are surrounded by smaller shrines and terraces, each with its own unique architectural features and sculptures. These structures served as additional places of worship and meditation.
A Rediscovered Treasure:
- After centuries of neglect, Prambanan was rediscovered by Europeans in the 18th century. Since then, extensive restoration efforts have been undertaken, bringing this magnificent complex back to life.
A Living Legacy:
- Today, Prambanan Temple complex is not just a historical monument, but also a vibrant center of cultural activity. Traditional dance performances and religious ceremonies are held here, offering visitors a glimpse into the enduring Hindu traditions of Indonesia.
A Symbol of Harmony:
- The Prambanan temple complex stands as a symbol of religious harmony. Its existence alongside the nearby Buddhist temple complex of Borobudur showcases the peaceful coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism in ancient Java.
7. Bateshwar Temple Complex, Bateshwar, India
Nestled along the banks of the Yamuna River in Madhya Pradesh, India, lies the Bateshwar Temple Complex, a captivating maze of ancient Hindu temples shrouded in mystery and historical significance. While not as widely known as some other Indian temples, Bateshwar offers a unique glimpse into the evolution of temple architecture and the enduring devotion of Hinduism.
A City of Temples:
Estimates suggest the Bateshwar complex once housed around 200 temples, although the exact number remains a subject of debate. The construction period is believed to span from the Gupta period (4th-6th century CE) onwards, with additions and modifications likely continuing for centuries.
The temples, mostly built from sandstone, vary in size and architectural style. Some showcase the early influences of the Nagara style, while others exhibit later architectural developments. This variety offers a fascinating journey through the evolution of Hindu temple design.
Unveiling the Past:
- Much of the complex lay buried and forgotten for centuries. It was only in the 19th century that British archaeologist Alexander Cunningham rediscovered the site. Since then, ongoing excavation and restoration efforts have shed light on the complex’s history and significance.
Uncertain Attribution:
- The origins and purpose of the Bateshwar complex remain somewhat unclear. Theories suggest it may have been a major pilgrimage center or a university town dedicated to religious studies. The presence of temples dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, and Shakti (representing the three major Hindu traditions) indicates a place of broad religious tolerance and inclusivity.
A Place of Serenity:
- Despite its historical significance, the Bateshwar complex remains relatively less frequented by tourists compared to other prominent temples. This creates a serene atmosphere, allowing visitors to appreciate the intricate carvings, peaceful surroundings, and the evocative presence of the past.
A Glimpse into the Future:
- Ongoing restoration efforts aim to preserve this sprawling complex and unlock its secrets. As more is revealed about Bateshwar, it has the potential to become a major center for understanding the evolution of Hinduism and Indian temple architecture.
8. Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu, Nepal
The Pashupatinath Temple, nestled on the banks of the sacred Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal, is a sacred Hindu pilgrimage site unlike any other. Dedicated to Lord Shiva in his manifestation as Pashupati, “Lord of Animals,” the temple complex pulsates with life, death, and spiritual intensity, offering a unique cultural experience.
A Blend of History and Holiness:
- While the exact origins remain shrouded in mystery, some legends suggest the temple’s existence dates back to pre-historic times. Documented evidence places its construction around the 4th century CE. Over the centuries, various rulers and dynasties have contributed to its architectural grandeur.
A Realm of Shiva:
- The main temple, a pagoda-style structure with a tiered roof adorned with gold sheets, is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Entry into the inner sanctum is restricted to Hindus, but visitors can observe the intricate carvings and rituals from designated areas.
A City of Life and Death:
- The Pashupatinath complex extends beyond the main temple, encompassing numerous ashrams (Hindu hermitages), smaller shrines, and most significantly – cremation grounds along the Bagmati River. Witnessing cremation rituals here, a central part of the Hindu cycle of life and death, can be a deeply moving and thought-provoking experience.
Respectful Observation:
- Visitors are encouraged to dress modestly and maintain a respectful demeanor while observing cremation rituals. Photography within the cremation grounds is strictly prohibited.
A Tapestry of Traditions:
- Pashupatinath attracts devotees from all over Nepal and India, particularly Shaivites (followers of Shiva). Sadhus (Hindu holy men), adorned with ash and saffron robes, often wander the complex, adding to the spiritual atmosphere.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site:
- In recognition of its cultural and religious significance, the Pashupatinath Temple complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. It continues to be a vital pilgrimage site and a captivating window into Nepali Hindu traditions.
Beyond the Religious Significance:
- Pashupatinath offers a glimpse into the unique cultural practices and beliefs surrounding death and the afterlife in Hinduism. It serves as a powerful reminder of the impermanence of life and the importance of spiritual connection.
9. Kandariya Mahadev Temple, Khajuraho, India
Among the captivating temples of Khajuraho, India, stands the Kandariya Mahadev Temple, a masterpiece of Chandela dynasty artistry and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Renowned for its intricate carvings and dedication to Lord Shiva, this 11th-century marvel is a testament to the architectural and artistic prowess of its era.
A Towering Legacy:
- Built between 1025 and 1050 CE, the Kandariya Mahadev Temple is the largest and arguably the most well-preserved temple in the Khajuraho complex. A towering shikhara (spire) reaching over 31 meters (102 feet) dominates the skyline, symbolizing Mount Kailash, the celestial abode of Lord Shiva. The main spire is surrounded by 84 miniature spires (Urushringas), adding to the temple’s grandeur.
A Celebration of Shiva:
- Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the temple reflects the rich symbolism of Shaivism (worship of Shiva). The inner sanctum houses a sacred Shiva lingam, an aniconic representation of the deity. Devotees flock to the temple throughout the year, particularly during festivals like Shivaratri, to offer prayers and seek blessings.
A Canvas of Carvings:
The exterior walls of the Kandariya Mahadev Temple are adorned with a breathtaking display of sculptures. These intricate carvings depict a range of subjects, including celestial beings, divine couples, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu mythology.
While some carvings showcase sensuous imagery, often misinterpreted, they are believed to represent a celebration of life, love, and fertility within the context of Hindu cosmology.
Beyond the Sensuous:
- It’s important to understand the Kandariya Mahadev Temple’s sculptures within the broader context of Hinduism. Many carvings depict deities, mythological tales with moral lessons, and everyday life, offering a glimpse into the social and cultural aspects of the Chandela era.
A Living Monument:
- Unlike some other temples in Khajuraho, the Kandariya Mahadev Temple remains an active place of worship. Witnessing daily rituals and observing the devotion of pilgrims adds a unique dimension to experiencing this architectural wonder.
A Legacy of the Chandelas:
- The Kandariya Mahadev Temple stands as a testament to the artistic legacy of the Chandela dynasty. Its intricate carvings, enduring structure, and dedication to Lord Shiva offer a captivating glimpse into the cultural and religious life of medieval India.
10. Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia
Angkor Wat, nestled amidst the sprawling Angkor Archaeological Park in Cambodia, is a monument unlike any other. This sprawling temple complex, the largest religious structure in the world, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a captivating symbol of Cambodia’s rich cultural heritage.
A Journey Through Time:
- Built by King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century CE, Angkor Wat served as the state temple and eventual mausoleum for the Khmer king. Originally constructed as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu, it gradually transformed into a Buddhist temple complex towards the end of the 12th century.
A Representation of Mount Meru:
- Angkor Wat’s design is steeped in symbolism. The five central towers represent the peaks of Mount Meru, the mythical abode of the gods in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. The temple complex is surrounded by a moat, symbolizing the oceans at the edge of the world. Visitors enter through a series of three galleries, each representing a different realm – the earthly realm, the intermediate realm, and the celestial realm.
A Tapestry of Carvings:
- The walls of Angkor Wat are adorned with a seemingly endless array of intricate bas-relief sculptures. These carvings depict scenes from Hindu mythology, such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, as well as everyday life in the Khmer empire. The level of detail and artistry in these carvings is truly awe-inspiring.
Beyond the Grand Temple:
- While Angkor Wat is the most prominent structure, the Angkor Archaeological Park encompasses a vast area with numerous other temples, monuments, and ruins. Exploring these remnants of the Khmer empire offers a glimpse into the power, artistry, and sophisticated urban planning of a once-great civilization.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site:
- In recognition of its exceptional cultural and architectural significance, Angkor Wat was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. It remains a vital pilgrimage site for Theravada Buddhists and a major tourist attraction, drawing visitors from all over the world.
A Symbol of Cambodia:
- Angkor Wat stands as a powerful symbol of Cambodia’s rich history and cultural heritage. Its majestic presence continues to inspire awe and wonder, reminding us of the enduring achievements of human civilization.
11. Preah Vihear Temple, Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia
Preah Vihear Temple (also known as Prasat Preah Vihear) is a captivating Khmer Hindu temple perched dramatically atop a cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains of Preah Vihear province, Cambodia. This UNESCO World Heritage Site boasts a spectacular setting, rich history, and architectural beauty, making it a unique gem in Southeast Asia.
A Precarious Perch:
- Built between the 11th and 13th centuries CE, the Preah Vihear temple complex stretches for over 800 meters along the mountain ridge. Its dramatic clifftop location, offering breathtaking views of the Cambodian plains below, is a defining feature. The temple’s strategic position also held military significance throughout history.
A Legacy of Khmer Kings:
- Constructed during the reign of various Khmer kings, including Suryavarman I and Udayadityavarman II, the temple complex reflects the architectural styles of the Angkor period. However, Preah Vihear also possesses unique features, showcasing its distinct character within Khmer architecture.
Dedicated to Shiva:
- Originally dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, the temple complex consists of numerous sanctuaries, halls, and walkways arranged along an ascending axis. Elaborate sculptures and decorative elements adorn the structures, depicting deities, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu mythology.
A Disputed History:
- The ownership of Preah Vihear Temple was a point of contention between Cambodia and Thailand for decades. The International Court of Justice ultimately ruled in favor of Cambodia in 1962. Although the temple is now accessible from Cambodia, the border situation can still be sensitive, so it’s important to stay informed about current conditions.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site:
- In recognition of its outstanding cultural and architectural value, Preah Vihear Temple was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008. The designation has led to increased conservation efforts and a rise in tourism, allowing visitors to appreciate this unique monument.
A Journey Through Time:
- Exploring Preah Vihear Temple is a journey through time. The climb up the mountain offers stunning vistas, while the intricate carvings and architecture provide a glimpse into the artistic achievements and religious beliefs of the Khmer empire.
Beyond the Tourist Trail:
- Compared to Angkor Wat, Preah Vihear receives fewer visitors. This can offer a more intimate and serene experience for those willing to make the journey.
12. Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneswar, India
The Rajarani Temple, also known as the “Love Temple” by locals, is a captivating 11th-century monument nestled amidst the temple city of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. While its exact origins and purpose remain shrouded in mystery, the temple’s architectural beauty and unique erotic carvings continue to intrigue visitors and scholars alike.
A Realm of Mystery:
- The origins of the Rajarani Temple are unclear. Scholars believe it was built sometime in the 11th century CE, possibly during the reign of the Somavamshi dynasty. The temple’s original dedication is also a subject of debate. While some believe it was dedicated to Lord Shiva, the absence of a central deity within the sanctum fuels speculation about other possible purposes.
Love and Beauty:
- The most striking feature of the Rajarani Temple is its collection of intricate sculptures depicting couples, women, and sensuous imagery. These carvings, which have earned the temple its nickname “Love Temple,” have been interpreted in various ways. Some see them as a celebration of love, fertility, and earthly pleasures, while others believe they hold deeper symbolic meaning within the context of Hinduism.
Architectural Brilliance:
- Despite the controversies surrounding its carvings, the Rajarani Temple is a marvel of Kalinga architecture. Built from red and yellow sandstone (locally called “Rajarani”), the temple showcases a classic pancharatha style with a central shrine (vimana) and a viewing hall (jagamohana). The intricate pillars, decorative motifs, and pyramidal roof add to the temple’s elegance.
A Place of Serenity:
- Unlike many other temples in Bhubaneswar, the Rajarani Temple is not an active place of worship. However, its serene atmosphere and captivating carvings continue to draw visitors from all over the world.
A Window to the Past:
- The Rajarani Temple, with its mysteries and unique features, offers a window into the artistic sensibilities and social norms of the era. It challenges conventional interpretations of temple architecture and compels us to consider the diverse ways religious beliefs manifested in ancient India.
13. Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneswar, India
Standing tall amidst the temple city of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, the Lingaraja Temple is a majestic monument and a revered pilgrimage site. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this architectural marvel is a crown jewel of Kalinga architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
A Legacy of Faith and Art:
- Constructed in the 11th century CE, the Lingaraja Temple is believed to have been commissioned by the Somavamshi king Jajati Kesari. However, some legends suggest the presence of a Swayambhu (self-manifested) Shivalinga at the site even earlier. The temple complex flourished under the patronage of various rulers over the centuries.
A Towering Presence:
- The Lingaraja Temple’s most striking feature is its towering central tower, the vimana, reaching a height of over 180 feet (55 meters). This elaborately carved structure, crowned with a amalaka (disc-like finial), dominates the Bhubaneswar skyline. The entire temple complex is enclosed by a high compound wall, with intricately carved gateways on each side.
A Realm of Shiva:
- The Lingaraja Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism. The inner sanctum houses a massive and revered Shivalinga, a representation of Lord Shiva. The temple walls are adorned with exquisite sculptures depicting various aspects of Shiva’s life, stories from Hindu mythology, and celestial beings.
A Blend of Architectural Styles:
- The Lingaraja Temple represents the culmination of the Kalinga architectural style. It showcases a Deula style characterized by a towering vimana, a jagamohana (assembly hall) for gatherings, a natamandira (festival hall) for performances, and a bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings) for rituals. The intricate carvings and decorative elements on each structure add to the temple’s visual splendor.
A Restricted Entry:
- Unlike many other temples in Bhubaneswar, the main sanctuary of the Lingaraja Temple is restricted to Hindus. However, visitors can marvel at the temple’s grandeur from outside and explore the surrounding complex, which includes smaller shrines and monuments.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site:
- In recognition of its exceptional cultural and architectural significance, the Lingaraja Temple was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. It continues to be a vital center of pilgrimage for Shaivites (devotees of Shiva) and a major tourist attraction.
A Living Legacy:
- Beyond its architectural beauty, the Lingaraja Temple serves as a living testament to the enduring faith and artistic heritage of Odisha. Daily rituals and festivals are held here, showcasing the vibrant traditions of Hinduism practiced for centuries.
14. Thanumalayan Temple, Suchindram, India
The Thanumalayan Temple, also known as the Sthanumalayan Temple or Suchindram Temple, is a significant Hindu pilgrimage site nestled in the town of Suchindram, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. Renowned for its dedication to the divine Trimurti – Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer – the temple complex offers a captivating blend of history, spirituality, and architectural marvel.
A Shrine for the Trinity:
- Unlike many temples dedicated to a single deity, the Thanumalayan Temple holds a unique place in Hinduism. The presiding deity, Sri Sthanumalayan, represents the combined essence of the three gods: “Sthanu” meaning Shiva, “Mal” meaning Vishnu, and “Ayan” meaning Brahma. This unique concept of revering the divine Trimurti together underscores the interconnectedness and unity within the Hindu worldview.
A Historical Tapestry:
- The temple’s origins can be traced back to the 9th century CE, with significant expansions occurring during the rule of the Chola dynasty and later by the kings of Travancore. This layered history is reflected in the temple’s architecture, showcasing influences from both Tamil and Kerala styles.
Architectural Grandeur:
- The temple complex is spread over two acres and boasts two prominent gopurams (gateway towers). The eastern gopuram, built during the Nayaka period, is the taller one, reaching 44 meters (144 feet) with eleven stories. The intricate carvings adorning the gopurams depict various deities, mythical creatures, and scenes from Hindu mythology.
Beyond the Gopurams:
- Stepping inside the temple complex is a captivating experience. The sprawling courtyard leads to numerous shrines dedicated to various deities, including Ganesha, Murugan, and Durga. A unique architectural highlight is the Alankara Mandapam, adorned with four musical pillars carved from a single block of granite. When struck gently, these pillars emit distinct musical notes.
A Blend of Traditions:
- The Thanumalayan Temple holds significance for both Shaivite and Vaishnavite sects of Hinduism. Shaivites revere the temple’s association with Shiva, while Vaishnavites consider it an Abhimana Kshetra, a holy abode associated with Lord Vishnu. This harmonious blend of traditions is a testament to the temple’s unifying spirit.
A Vibrant Pilgrimage Site:
- The Thanumalayan Temple attracts devotees throughout the year, particularly during major festivals like the Meenakshi Tirukalyanam (celestial wedding of Parvati and Shiva) and the ten-day annual festival. Witnessing these vibrant celebrations offers a glimpse into the deep devotion and rich cultural practices associated with the temple.
A Legacy of Faith and Art:
- The Thanumalayan Temple stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of faith and artistic expression in Tamil Nadu. Its unique dedication to the Trimurti, captivating architecture, and vibrant traditions continue to draw visitors and pilgrims, making it a captivating landmark in South India.
15. Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, Uttarakhand, India
Nestled amidst the picturesque landscape of Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India, the Neelkanth Mahadev Temple stands as a revered pilgrimage site and a captivating architectural marvel. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this 14th-century temple is renowned for its legend, intricate carvings, and the belief that Lord Shiva himself consumed poison to save the world.
A Legendary Origin:
- The Neelkanth Mahadev Temple holds a special place in Hindu mythology. Legend has it that during the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean), when the churning produced poison that threatened to destroy the world, Lord Shiva drank the poison to save the cosmos. His throat turned blue from the poison, earning him the epithet “Neelkanth” (the one with the blue throat).
A Sacred Site:
- The temple’s dedication to Neelkanth Mahadev, a manifestation of Lord Shiva, makes it a revered pilgrimage site for Shaivites (devotees of Shiva). Devotees from all over India flock to the temple to seek blessings and pay homage to Lord Shiva.
Architectural Brilliance:
- The Neelkanth Mahadev Temple showcases a blend of North Indian and Nagara architectural styles. The temple complex consists of a central shrine, a mandapa (hall), and a courtyard surrounded by subsidiary shrines. The temple’s walls are adorned with intricate carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, celestial beings, and geometric patterns.
The Poison Chalice:
- A unique feature of the temple is the presence of a large stone chalice, believed to represent the vessel from which Lord Shiva drank the poison. Devotees offer water and milk to the chalice as a symbolic gesture of reverence.
A Serene Atmosphere:
- Despite its popularity, the Neelkanth Mahadev Temple offers a serene and tranquil atmosphere. The soothing sound of the Ganges River flowing nearby adds to the temple’s spiritual ambiance.
A Living Legacy:
- The temple remains an active place of worship, with daily rituals and pujas (worship ceremonies) conducted throughout the year. Festivals like Mahashivratri (the night of Lord Shiva) attract large gatherings of devotees.
A Journey of Faith and Beauty:
- Exploring the Neelkanth Mahadev Temple is a journey through faith, history, and architectural beauty. It’s a place to connect with the legend of Lord Shiva, marvel at the intricate carvings, and experience the enduring devotion of countless pilgrims.
Beyond the Temple:
- The temple complex is located near the banks of the Ganges River, making it a convenient stop for those visiting Rishikesh. The surrounding area offers various attractions, including yoga centers, meditation retreats, and adventure activities.
16. Parashuram Temple, Trivandrum, India
Amidst the bustling city of Thiruvananthapuram (formerly Trivandrum), Kerala, India, lies the Sree Parasurama Swami Temple, a revered monument dedicated to the legendary warrior sage Parashurama. This 2,000-year-old temple complex holds cultural and historical significance, offering a glimpse into Kerala’s rich heritage and traditions.
A Legacy Carved in Stone:
- While the exact origins remain uncertain, estimates suggest the Parashuram Temple’s construction began sometime between the 8th and 12th centuries CE. Legends attribute its creation to Vilwamangalam Swamy, a staunch devotee of Lord Vishnu, who felt the presence of Lord Parashurama at the site. The temple was later reconstructed and renovated by the Chera king Athiyaman Perumal.
The Revered Parashurama:
- Parashurama, a revered figure in Hinduism, is considered the sixth avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu. According to mythology, he reclaimed land from the sea, forming the present-day Kerala. The Parashuram Temple stands as a testament to the deep devotion he inspires in Kerala, particularly as the legendary creator of the state.
A Haven for Ancestral Rituals:
- The Parashuram Temple holds a unique significance in Kerala’s social and religious life. It is especially renowned for performing elaborate Bali tharpanam (ancestor worship rituals). Devotees visit the temple to pay homage to their departed forefathers and seek blessings for their onward journey. The holy waters of the nearby Karamana River are considered particularly sacred for these rituals.
Architectural Heritage:
- Built in the traditional Kerala temple architecture style, the Parashuram Temple complex is constructed primarily from black granite. The central sanctum houses the idol of Lord Parashurama, while other deities like Lord Ganesha and Lord Shiva are also worshipped within the complex. The intricate carvings and motifs adorning the temple walls offer a glimpse into Kerala’s artistic heritage.
A Protected Monument:
- In recognition of its historical and cultural importance, the Parashuram Temple is designated as a protected monument by the Archaeology Department of Kerala. Conservation efforts ensure the preservation of this ancient structure for future generations.
A Blend of Faith and Tradition:
- Visiting the Parashuram Temple offers a unique opportunity to experience the blend of faith and tradition that characterizes Kerala. Witnessing ancestral worship rituals and devotional offerings provides a window into local customs and beliefs.
Beyond the Religious Significance:
- The Parashuram Temple’s location near the Thiruvallam beach makes it a convenient stop for those exploring the city. The serene atmosphere of the temple complex, away from the urban bustle, offers a moment of peace and reflection.
17. Mahakaleshwar Temple, Ujjain, India
The Mahakaleshwar Temple in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India, is a revered pilgrimage site and one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the most sacred abodes of Lord Shiva in Hinduism. Steeped in history and pulsating with spiritual energy, the Mahakaleshwar Temple offers a captivating experience for devotees and visitors alike.
A Legacy of Time:
- The origins of the Mahakaleshwar Temple stretch back centuries. Legends attribute its establishment to Prajapita Brahma, the creator god in Hinduism. Historical evidence suggests construction began around the 6th century CE, with additions and renovations undertaken by various rulers throughout its history.
Abode of the Swayambhu:
- Unlike many Shiva lingams, the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga is revered as Swayambhu, meaning “self-manifested.” This imbues the lingam with a special potency, attracting devotees from all over India seeking blessings from the self-arisen form of Lord Shiva.
A City’s Presiding Deity:
- Mahakaleshwar, meaning “the great time lord,” is not just worshipped within the temple walls. He is considered the presiding deity of Ujjain itself. The city’s historical significance as a center for astronomy and timekeeping adds another layer of meaning to Lord Shiva’s presence here.
Unique Darshan Rituals:
- The Mahakaleshwar Temple offers a unique experience for devotees. The Bhasma Aarti (ashes offering) ceremony, performed before sunrise, is a captivating sight. Additionally, unlike most Shiva temples, devotees can perform Jalabhishek (water offering) directly on the Jyotirlinga.
A Multi-Layered Complex:
- The Mahakaleshwar Temple complex is vast, encompassing numerous shrines dedicated to various deities, including Mahakali (Parvati) and Nandi (Shiva’s bull). The Kotti Tirtha, a holy tank within the complex, is believed to possess purifying powers.
A UNESCO Tentative List Site:
- In recognition of its cultural and religious significance, the Mahakaleshwar Temple has been included on the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites. This paves the way for its potential inscription as a World Heritage Site in the future.
A Journey Beyond Religion:
- Exploring the Mahakaleshwar Temple is more than just a religious experience. It’s a journey through history, witnessing the enduring legacy of Shiva worship in India. The vibrant atmosphere, intricate architecture, and unique rituals offer a glimpse into the deep faith and cultural practices that continue to thrive here.
18. Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram, India
Standing tall on Rameswaram island in Tamil Nadu, India, the Ramanathaswamy Temple is a captivating landmark and a revered pilgrimage site. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, it holds a unique place in Hindu tradition and boasts the longest corridor among all Hindu temples in India.
A Blend of Mythology and History:
- Legend associates the Ramanathaswamy Temple with Lord Rama, the epic hero of the Ramayana. It is believed that Rama, along with his wife Sita, worshipped a Shiva lingam here to seek atonement after defeating the demon king Ravana. Historical evidence suggests the temple’s construction began around the 12th century CE by the Pandya dynasty, with later additions by the Nayak and Sethupathi dynasties.
A Jyotirlinga Shrine:
- The Ramanathaswamy Temple enshrines one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the holiest abodes of Lord Shiva in Hinduism. The presence of this sacred lingam imbues the temple with immense significance, attracting devotees from all corners of India for pilgrimage and spiritual experiences.
The Enchanting Corridors:
- One of the most remarkable features of the Ramanathaswamy Temple is its extensive network of corridors, stretching over 1,212 meters (4,000 feet). These intricately carved corridors are lined with imposing pillars and adorned with sculptures depicting mythological stories and celestial beings. Walking through these corridors is a unique experience, offering a sense of awe and tranquility.
Beyond the Corridors:
- The temple complex extends beyond the famed corridors. The central sanctum houses the revered Ramanathaswamy lingam, accessible only to Hindus. Other shrines within the complex are dedicated to various deities, including Goddess Parvathi (Shiva’s consort) and Lord Ganesha.
Sacred Theerthams:
- The Ramanathaswamy Temple complex encompasses 22 theerthams, which are sacred water bodies. Devotees consider bathing in these theerthams, particularly the holy Dhanushkodi theertham, to be a purifying ritual that washes away sins and brings blessings.
A UNESCO Heritage City:
- The town of Rameswaram, along with the Ramanathaswamy Temple, is part of the UNESCO Cultural Heritage City of Madurai. This recognition highlights the cultural and historical significance of the temple and the town.
A Vibrant Pilgrimage Site:
- The Ramanathaswamy Temple attracts thousands of devotees throughout the year, particularly during festivals like Shivaratri, which celebrates the night of Shiva. Witnessing the vibrant puja rituals and the throngs of devotees offers a glimpse into the deep faith and traditions associated with the temple.
A Journey Through Faith and Art:
- Exploring the Ramanathaswamy Temple is a captivating journey through faith, history, and artistic expression. It’s a place to marvel at the architectural grandeur, delve into mythology, and experience the enduring devotion that continues to draw pilgrims to this sacred site.
19. Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchipuram, India
Nestled amidst the ancient silk town of Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India, lies the Ekambareswarar Temple, a majestic monument dedicated to Lord Shiva. Renowned as one of the five Pancha Bhoota Stala (“five elements shrines”), representing the Earth element, this sprawling temple complex boasts a rich history, captivating architecture, and a captivating spiritual atmosphere.
A Legacy Etched in Time:
- The origins of the Ekambareswarar Temple stretch back centuries. While legends suggest its existence since time immemorial, historical estimates place its construction around the 6th century CE by the Pallavas dynasty. The temple complex witnessed significant expansions and renovations under subsequent rulers, including the Cholas and the Vijayanagara empire.
Abode of the Earth Linga:
- Ekambareswarar, the enshrined deity, is worshipped as the Earth linga (Prithvi lingam). This unique association with the element of Earth imbues the temple with special significance within the Pancha Bhoota Stala pilgrimage circuit. The temple’s towering gopurams (gateway towers) and the sprawling complex further emphasize its importance as a revered center of Shiva worship.
A Thousand Pillars Strong:
- One of the most striking features of the Ekambareswarar Temple is the Aayiram Kaal Mandapam, also known as the “thousand-pillared hall.” While the actual number of pillars is slightly less than a thousand, the sheer scale and intricate carvings on these pillars create a visually stunning space. This hall serves as a venue for various rituals and festivals.
A Tapestry of Sculptures:
- The walls and corridors of the Ekambareswarar Temple are adorned with a mesmerizing collection of sculptures. These intricate carvings depict scenes from Hindu mythology, celestial beings, and various aspects of Shiva’s life. The artistry and detail in these sculptures offer a glimpse into the artistic traditions that flourished during the temple’s construction.
A Sacred Grove and Mystical Beliefs:
- The temple complex houses a revered grove with four mango trees, each representing one of the four Vedas (Hindu scriptures). Legends endow these trees with mystical properties, and devotees revere them as manifestations of divine wisdom.
A Festival of Light:
- The Ekambareswarar Temple comes alive during festivals like Panguni Uthiram, which falls in the Tamil month of Panguni (March-April). During this festival, the sun’s rays illuminate the sanctum sanctorum, creating a spectacular visual spectacle.
A World Heritage Site:
- The Ekambareswarar Temple, along with the other temples in Kanchipuram, is included on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This recognition underscores the temple’s cultural and historical significance.
A Journey Through Time and Faith:
- Exploring the Ekambareswarar Temple is a captivating journey through time and faith. It’s a place to marvel at the architectural brilliance, delve into the rich history of Shaivism (worship of Shiva), and experience the enduring devotion that continues to draw pilgrims and visitors from all walks of life.
20. Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple, Kumbakonam, India:
The Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple, also known as Thirukudamooku, is a captivating landmark and a revered pilgrimage site in the temple town of Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this ancient monument boasts a rich history, captivating architecture, and a vital role in the town’s cultural identity.
A Cradle of Shiva Worship:
- The Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple dates back to the Chola dynasty, with estimates placing its construction around the 9th century CE. The temple has been maintained and renovated throughout the centuries, reflecting the dedication of various rulers to this center of Shiva worship. In fact, the very name “Kumbakonam” is believed to derive from the presiding deity, “Kumbeswarar.”
A Majestic Abode:
- The Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple is the largest Shiva temple in Kumbakonam. The sprawling complex covers over four acres in the heart of the town. The towering gopurams (gateway towers) dominate the skyline, with the eastern gopuram reaching an impressive 128 feet (39 meters). These ornately decorated structures serve as grand entrances to the temple complex.
The Revered Lingam:
- Within the central sanctum lies the revered Adi Kumbeshwarar, a manifestation of Lord Shiva. The lingam (aniconic representation of Shiva) is believed to be unique, crafted from a combination of nectar of immortality and sacred sand by Shiva himself. This adds to the temple’s significance and draws devotees seeking blessings from this potent form.
A Blend of Architectural Styles:
- The Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple showcases a beautiful blend of architectural styles. The Dravidian influences are evident in the towering gopurams, intricate carvings, and pillared halls. The temple complex consists of three concentric enclosures, each leading devotees closer to the sanctum sanctorum. Shrines dedicated to various deities, including Goddess Parvati (Shiva’s consort) and Lord Ganesha, can also be found within the complex.
A Mahamaham Pilgrimage:
- The Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple plays a central role in the Mahamaham festival, a grand celebration held once every 12 years. During this festival, thousands of devotees gather to take a holy dip in the Mahamaham tank, located in front of the temple. This ritual is believed to cleanse sins and bring blessings.
A Living Legacy:
- Today, the Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple remains an active place of worship. Daily pujas (worship ceremonies) are performed, attracting devotees throughout the year. The temple also serves as a cultural hub, hosting various religious festivals and traditions.
A Journey Through Time and Faith:
- Exploring the Adi Kumbeshwarar Temple is a journey through time and faith. It’s a place to marvel at the architectural grandeur, appreciate the rich history of Shaivism (worship of Shiva) in South India, and experience the vibrant traditions that continue to shape the cultural life of Kumbakonam.
This list of 20 oldest hindu temple in the world offers just a glimpse into the vast and rich tapestry of ancient Hindu temples. Each temple has its unique story, architectural marvel, and cultural significance. As we explore these historical gems, we gain a deeper understanding of Hinduism’s vibrant history and enduring traditions.
